unit 202 outcome 1.1 - 772 Words

Nvq level 2 stls Unit 204 outcome 1.1 The equality act 2010 provides a modern single legal framework with clear laws to be more effective in tackling discrimination and disadvantages. It covers the following areas- †¢ Age †¢ Disability †¢ Gender reassignment †¢ Marriage and Civil partnership †¢ Race †¢ Religion or belief †¢ Sex †¢ Sexual orientation We also have our own policies in school to cover equality. There is- †¢ S.E.N. †¢ Racial Equality †¢ Equal opportunities †¢ These explain what is classed as discrimination and how to deal with it. Outcome 1.2 It is important to support the rights of all children to equality of access and participation as every child is entitled to the same opportunity of education, it is their†¦show more content†¦Nvq level 2 stls Unit 204 outcome 1.1 The equality act 2010 provides a modern single legal framework with clear laws to be more effective in tackling discrimination and disadvantages. It covers the following areas- †¢ Age †¢ Disability †¢ Gender reassignment †¢ Marriage and Civil partnership †¢ Race †¢ Religion or belief †¢ Sex †¢ Sexual orientation We also have our own policies in school to cover equality. There is- †¢ S.E.N. †¢ Racial Equality †¢ Equal opportunities †¢ These explain what is classed as discrimination and how to deal with it. Outcome 1.2 It is important to support the rights of all children to equality of access and participation as every child is entitled to the same opportunity of education, it is their human right. Outcome 1.3 It is important and beneficial to value and promote cultural diversity in your work with children because people come from all walks of life, we are now a multicultural society and even though we are a catholic school we have children who are not catholic in our classes. we have celebrated Chinese new year and the children in reception tried Chinese food, and we have just celebrated Judaism week where the children in year4/5 were taught about and made aShow MoreRelatedIam Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and Administration Qualification Handbook 2011 Edition9178 Words   |  37 PagesInformation for centres Centre and qualification approval 11 Resource requirements 12 Registration and certification 12 Plagiarism 13 4 †¢ IAM units Principles of personal responsibilities and working in a business environment 17 Principles of providing administrative systems 21 Principles of managing information and producing documents 25 5 †¢ Optional units Principles of supporting change in a business environment 29 Principles of supporting business events 31 Principles of maintaining stationeryRead MoreEssay, Term Paper, or Research Paper5605 Words   |  23 PagesLevel 2 Diploma in Health and Social Care (Adults) for England (4222-21) Candidate logbook 501/1306/9 Mandatory Units All pathways www.cityandguilds.com June 2011 Version 1.0 August 2012 Version 1.1 About City Guilds As the UK’s leading vocational education organisation, City Guilds is leading the talent revolution by inspiring people to unlock their potential and develop their skills. 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Furthermore, there is no need for any specifi c monitoring for TPVB over the usualRead MoreAtha Executive Plan Essay4887 Words   |  20 Pagesmanagement. We are committed to leading in an honest and ethical manner while endorsing employee empowerment by providing an environment where everyone is stimulated to grow skillfully and individually. â€Å"Planning involves goals (objectives) are desired outcomes or targets† (Robbins, Decenzo, amp; Coulter, 2004/​2013, p. 117). The goal of creating an incentive plan for the collectors will improve accounts receivable collection to net 10 days without offering discounts and meetings with the Sales Team willRead MoreUnit 4222-201 Introduction to Communication in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings14457 Words   |  58 PagesUnit 4222-201 Introduction to communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings 1.1 Identify different reasons why people communicate People communicate for different reasons, to portray their feelings, emotions, pain, opinions, etc. The communication could be professional (formal), or personal (informal). It is important within a social work environment that information is recorded, as it may be called upon for legal reasons. All communications are confidentialRead MoreGgfghj12150 Words   |  49 Pagesconï ¬â€šict zones – ‘complex humanitarian emergencies’ were seen also to be ‘complex political emergencies’. 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Grading Stalinist Prison Camp Hq Through The Purposes Of...

Grading Stalinist Prison Camp HQ through the Purposes of Prisons through History The prisons we typically think of in modern American society are distinctly and majorly different from the Stalinist labor camp Ivan Denisovich Shukhov presides in the book, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, but all prisons have four major purposes. These purposes are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. By rating the prison camp that Shukhov resided in for 3,653 days, a greater understanding of the negative impact placed on Shukhov can be granted. Before stating how well the specific prison camp followed each of these purposes, I will first go into further detail into what each of these purposes includes in order to provide a rubric when grading the Stalinist prison camp. Firstly, retribution means punishment for crimes against society. Most prisons achieve retribution by depriving criminals of their freedom as a way of paying a debt to society for their crimes. Freedom can be deprived in a multitude of ways other than captivity, including being deprive d of some given rights. The stalic prison camp, HQ, achieves retribution by trying to achieve a totalitarian system. By limiting food intake, monitoring sleep and work schedules, and retaining all personal items HQ is attempting to control the prisoner s actions entirely. This lack of rights isn t the only way that retribution is achieved through: there are a variety of direct punishments that happen as well.

Corporate Social Responsibility Advancement-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Social Responsibility Advancement? Answer: Introduction In today's world of advancement, the ability to conduct business at the international level has become an absolute necessity for any business organization to maintain its competitiveness in the global arena. Expansion of the geographic footprint of any business organization has been a very risky as well as an expensive proposition. It is a fact that should always be kept in the consideration by the businessmen that the risks have simply shifted and not completely gone away (Aaltonen, Murtonen Tukiainen, 2009). The competitive world of the present day has a short window for implementation of any business just before the business landscape undergoes changes again. It will not be a mistake to state that globalization has been and will continue to be a stabilizing and developing force. However, the risk of the interdependencies increasing at a high pace may have the probability of tripping against the world with high levels of issues in the form of financial ripples. The most dominating caution that businesses must consider the changes in the markets and time are fluid. The short term scopes and opportunities in the global platform are vast; however, the opportunities in the global business arena also come with the high potential for the future risks that are very unpredictable and unforeseen (Baron Baron, 2003). Moreover, in the present day global platform of business, conducting business is defensive as well as offensive play by character. While analyzing the brighter side of being global, the organizations need to consider the vast size of the domestic market which will very possibly increase the reach to the majority of the potential customers living all around the world (Bonacchi, 2009). As the customers keep continuing to become highly demanding and the economy of the world continues to stay flat, there will be an expectation that the business organizations be able to serve a number of markets in a strategic fashion. In todays world, being a slow paced adapter could ultimately prove to be damaging to your business (Burchel, 2008). It is also a fact that businesses having the strong urge to make gains that are short term by having a blind vision towards business ethics. In spite of several codes of ethical business practices, the ever increasing pressure and demand of the public and regulatory oversight instigate the business organizations to ignore the ethical considerations. Most of the businesses even claim that any business requires abiding by the law without giving much priority to the ethical issues. There are very strong cases of business issues for the existing companies in a socially accountable way and for the business professionals to channel this. An ethical approach regarding the social and environmental aspects and implications on the global businesses needs to be established (Carroll, 2004). As globalizations has been enveloping the world and has intense impacts on all the facets of all the industries, it is very crucial that the risks regarding different scenarios in the business arena are addressed in an effective way. Sustainability Business of Walmart Walmart has strived through various phases of recession, however, the decisions that are mostly customers alienating and competition from the smaller stores has been troublesome for the company. As per Michelle, the issues regarding Walmarts business practices have hovered around the sustainability effect on the business and address of the behavior of the consumer (Michelle, 2017). The demand of the consumers is centric around the loyalty to the greener brands which is one of the key reasons of an index of sustainability of Walmart which could happen to revive the company (Curran Van Acker, 2010). Regarding the consumer behavior and the sustainability of the business of Walmart, the more the behavior of the consumer behavior, the more the organizations should be responding. Walmart thrives in the identification of the service areas that value of the customers the most and meeting to that preference. The company has been doing these even at the expense of other areas. In accordance to BBMG, less than 4 percent of the consumers rely on the companys advertisements for verifying the claims of the products. Since launching the sustainability program of the company in the year 2005, Walmart has persistently striving to gain its position as a global leader on the grades of environmental responsibility of the corporate. As per Dicken, Walmart scales it sustainable business activities on renewable energy, waste reduction, product improvement and sustainable agriculture in a number of press announcements and the report of Global Responsibility (Dicken, 2007). While the sustainable campaign has been very effective for the public image of the company, it has not been much effective regarding its approach for the environment. The environmental implications of the Walmart have developed only over the few past years in reality. The business practices have remained very polluting. Moreover, the consolidation of the market and the relentless expansion of the company have also developed at the expense of systems of distribution and production along with the sustainable enterprises. The sustainability program of the Walmart does not address the problems of the products that are not long lasting or durable which leads to the mounting of the landfill waste. The profits made by the most publicized programs for store waste reduction of the company and the companys initiative for the reduction of the use of energy in the supply chain are minuscule as compared to the amount of trash and pollution resulted due to the expanded consumption pace fostered by Walmart (Fraedrich, 2011). This reduction of waste materials along with increasing the waste landfill is increasing due to the sales of the shoddy products by Walmart. Walmart has driven down the durability and quality of the consumer's goods by demanding lower prices from its suppliers. A numerous number of products of appliances, clothing, electronic, etc. are subjected to wear and tear at a faster rate than before. This has increased the flow of products and goods from the manufacturing factories to the landfill areas, increasingly expanding the amount of the busy and discards of the products. According to Ferrell Fraedrich, on an average, an individual American bought around 28 products of clothing every year in the mid years of 1990 (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). At present, it has increased to 59.cutsomers also happen to discard 83 pounds of clothing every year on an average which are mostly discarded clothing every year. The emission of greenhouse gases by Walmart also has been increasing due to the increasing of the wastages. According to Gereffi, the company was reported to have increased emission by around 14 percent between 2005 and 2010. Walmart reports of generating around 22 million metric tons of the greenhouse gases through its operations which are expected to continue in its expansion (Gereffi, 1994). Walmart committed to have improvisation in its energy efficiency in particular and reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas at its stores bases and distribution centers of 2005 by 20 percent by the end of the year 2012. However, it has been successful in reducing its emissions by around 13 percent. On the other hand, the energy used by Walmarts new stores which were built after 2005 has been contributing twice as much carbon dioxide to the environment every year as the improvement of the stores of Walmart have saved. It was also found the Walmart has reported that like every business organization, it has a responsibility for reducing the greenhouse gases as fast as possible (Kakabadse Morsing, 2006). However, Walmart has itself refused for making the investment and initiate the steps that are required for cutting down the emission that is created by it. In spite of the embrace of public of the Walmarts sustainability minuscule approaches, the company continues to magnify the consumption of land by building expanded low rise super centers. Walmart has added around 1,100 supercenters in the United States since 2005, leading to its expansions of the footprint of its stores by 25 percent. Some of these stores were constructed on land which had not been structured before, which also included the critical habitat for endangered and threatened species. It has also been observed through the survey that Walmart has opted to structure on virgin land instead of restructuring the vacant retail properties. It has also been seen that Walmart has itself abandons its super stores itself (Lovins et al., 2000). The development practices of Walmart have a huge impact on the environment leading to the issues like water pollution from the runoff from the parking lot, habitat loss, increased driving, air pollution, and sprawl. According to the research, Walmart grew to form a domestic chain to a national brand along with stretching a number of miles on an average for shopping increased by around 1,000 miles. For the United States of America as a whole, that is an extra of 149 billion miles on roadway every year and approximately 50 metric million tons of additional emissions of carbon dioxide (Lechner Boli, 2014). Corporate Social Responsibility Globalization issues of Walmart Walmart has been a case study regarding how the free market can lead to distorting the value of the basic needs of the human. It is a fact that every tag of price in the food inventory of Walmart accounts for 25 percent of the grocery bills a nation and is the product of an exchange of financial commodities, agricultural subsidies and hyper inflated marketing (Michelle, 2017). Thus, to reveal the true cost of the cheaper groceries, Food Chain Workers Alliances advocacy group followed the chain of supply and revealed the violations at all links in the ethical sourcing system of the retailer. Due to the environmental and sustainable issues regarding wastages and environmental pollution, Walmart had faced public pressure. The company has devised the guidelines for sustainable and ethical sourcing, committing that all the suppliers and outlets must completely comply with all the applicable local or national regulations and laws associated with immigration, labor, environment, health, and safety. Walmart mandates that its suppliers abide by and follow the legal protections regarding the safety and health of the workers and implement the measures to reduce the water and air pollutants, water and energy wastages, and usages (Moharana, 2013). The launch of the sustainability product expo and the guidelines of the welfare of animals for livestock have been assisting the company regarding its corporate social responsibility. The human welfare and corporate social responsibility department appear to be lagging behind. The controversies over the corporate social responsibilities of Walmart have been dominating its position in the global sphere. As per O'Brien Leichenko, the corporate social responsibilities of Walmart are questionable their goodness, greenery or documenting a dubious record. It was observed that the public of the countries in which Walmart is operational cannot provide concrete evidence regarding the corporate social responsibilities of the company (O'Brien Leichenko, 2000). However, the public and the research review Walmart as the least environmentally and socially responsible company. In spite of having considerable efforts regarding the renewable energy initiatives, the sustainability index of the company has been fluctuating. The implementation and growth of the corporate social responsibilities of Walmart have its unique sets of issues. Devising and channeling of the initiatives regarding corporate social responsibility had been not implemented in an effective way. The disposing of the wastages of the stores, in particular, has not been addressed by the company. The company has not taken any initiative regarding controlling the disposal or adding up of the wastage of the apparels that are frequently altered in fashion. According to Prahalad Porter, the company has not put forward any strong and concrete initiatives regarding the eradication of the landfills and the occupying of the vast areas of land which is adding up to the damage to the environment on a global scale. It was also during the growth period of the company when it has struggled to match its messages with the initiatives and actions (Prahalad Porter, 2003). Almost 1 out of every 4 customers which are approximately 23 percent state that there is no way to know whether the products sold by Walmart are green. There has been a disconnection between the desire for sustainable, green and the socially responsible products regarding the authenticity and validity of such claims. The company has been finding it very difficult to hate the company along with recognizing its bold initiative has and its unsavory practices. However, the part of the motives of Walmart behind its efforts regarding corporate social responsibility is implemented for building a better image of the company is not getting reflected s through its initiatives which seem to be null. Unifying actions and image-construction regarding the corporate social responsibility has to be integrated which would prove to be a force multiplier? Low-cost manufacturing and services of Walmart The long existing issue for Walmart has been regarding providing products and services at low cost at the cost of layoffs and low pay for its employees and workers. An unprecedented and unpredictable convergence of the owners of small business, labor, activists, environmentalists, and communities regarding having faith on the company had led to a wide scale movement for changing the image of the company. There have been ethical issues which resulted due to the low costs scenarios of the company and for the company at large (Raman Lipschutz, 2010). According to the statement of other of Walmart, Sam Walton, the company has intent of raising the standard of living of its customers, especially the poor people by bringing and encouraging affordable goods. However, the essence of the intention of Walmart has been in reflected as a direct contradiction with its objectives and mission for raising the standard of living. So as to completely analyze this contradiction, it is imperative to understand the ways by which the company extracts profits for itself. Aggressive expansion in the market share and relentlessly cutting costs so as to maintain Walmarts rate of profit to make up the core notion of the religion of Walmart. Abiding by this notion, the team of Walmart has been engaged in the practices which seem to not be associated with anything other than raising the living standard of its people and workers in the larger community. The internalization of the outcomes of these practices has been impacting the people working for the company directly. The various implications of the companys internal dynamics are integrated into affecting the physical of the workers who are actually engaged at the base of the human resource of the company. Right through the experiences of the former managers, workers in the overseas factory, employees, and owners of small businesses, the reflection of the surreal upbeat of the statements of the company regarding the provision of the better standard of living is clearly reflected (Lechner Boli, 2014). With the intention of providing a better living condition to the people, Walmart is increasing its contribution regarding wastage of food and clothing which could be used by the poor people in the different countries and lowering the pay scales of its own employees and workers leading to layoffs. FCWA, the organization which promotes the organization of labor across all the sectors of foods, firmly believes in providing systematic solutions to the company's grassroots. Walmart should not necessarily integrate the comprehension regarding enhancing the organic production at the cost of the wages of the workers of the Mexican strawberry farm which has been an instance. The fact also extends regarding the company ensuring the availability of cheap groceries for the poor people and families in Bakersfield with no hazardous wastes in Los Angeles which are an additional instance to the scenario. The company has been suggested by the FCWA for redistribution of its resources up the supply chain of the company by increasing the hourly basic wage for the workforce of Walmart to $15. This can expand the ethics of the company through similar minimum wages of the employees along with providing low-cost services and products to its customers. Walmart needs to support the rights of all its workers and seek for collective bargaining while providing low-cost services. The central contradiction regarding the corporate social responsibility of the company which denotes to the concept of the voluntarism of the private market presents the subordination of the countries governments to the brands which place the profit way above the law and order (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Walmart, being global retailers needs to devise ways for maintaining fair standards of workers along with retaining low prices of products and services. This can be achieved by expanding around the sourced profits of the company which is unethically earned. Regarding the ethical, corporate social responsibility and sustainability implications regarding the content of wastage of the products increased environmental pollutions and low manufacturing services and products by lowering the wages of the workers have direct implications on the retailer brand. Walmart will be facing serious depreciation in its value and financial performance in the long run. The operating costs are going to be affected due to large scales layoffs and cutting down of the wages of the general workers of the company. The reputation and image of the brand will be affected to a large extent due to the damage it is posing to the environment. The sales and loyalty of the customers will be decreasing at a global and wide scaled level (Fraedrich, 2011). The quality and productivity of the company will definitely get affected to a negative extent. The current ability of the company for attracting and retaining employees will also decrease. Walmart will lose the regulatory oversight that it used to have. The favorable access to capital will fall down rapidly due to losses caused due to improper sales and negative reputation of the brand. The customers will definitely apprehend the safety of the product and the liabilities will increase. Conclusion The business leads will also fall out due to the negligence of the retailer company regarding its social responsibilities. Due to the cutting down of the wages and layoffs at a wide scale, the moral and the development of the skills of the employees will witness downfall on a large scale. Walmart will cease to have the scope for innovation regarding its products, services, and processes due to minimization of the association due to its profit-centric approach to business. Walmart will gain a negative image regarding less corporate involvement in the corporate social responsibilities as the company itself is not taking any active and effective initiatives regarding the improvement of the environmental damage that it had already caused. The business of Walmart will face wide scaled negative consequences if the company does not take effective measures at once. References Aaltonen, K., Murtonen, M., Tukiainen, S. (2009). Three perspectives to global projects. Managing risks in multicultural project networks. VTT. Baron, D. P., Baron, D. P. (2003). Business and its environment (p. 2). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bonacchi, M. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility: Readings and Cases in a Global Context. Burchel, J. (2008). The corporate social responsibility reader: Context perspectives. Routledge Carroll, A. B. (2004). Managing ethically with global stakeholders: A present and future challenge. The Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 114-120. Curran, G., Van Acker, E. (2010). Business and the politics of globalisation: after the global financial crisis. Pearson Australia. Dicken, P. (2007). Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy. SAGE Publications Ltd. Fraedrich, J. (2011). Business Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management. Journal of Business Ethics Education, 8(1), 403-405. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Gereffi, G. (1994). The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How US Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks. Commodity chains and global capitalism. Kakabadse, A., Morsing, M. (Eds.). (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility: reconciling aspiration with application. Springer. Lovins, A., Lovins, L. H., Hawken, P., Reinhardt, F., Shapiro, R., Magretta, J. (2000). Harvard business review on business and the environment. Harvard Business School Press. Lechner, F. J., Boli, J. (Eds.). (2014). The globalization reader. John Wiley Sons. Michelle. (2017). The Nation. ChenHere Are All the Reasons Walmarts Business Is Not Sustainable Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.thenation.com/article/here-are-all-reasons-walmarts-business-not-sustainable/ Moharana, S. (2013). Corporate social responsibility: A study of selected public sector banks in India. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 15(4), 1-9. O'Brien, K. L., Leichenko, R. M. (2000). Double exposure: assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. Global environmental change, 10(3), 221-232. Prahalad, C. K., Porter, M. E. (2003). Harvard business review on corporate responsibility. Harvard Business Press. Raman, R., Lipschutz, R. D. (2010). Corporate social responsibility: Comparative critiques. Palgrave Macmillan.

The Invisible Epidemic Essays - Asthma, Respiratory Therapy

The Invisible Epidemic c The rise of asthma in urban communities is beginning to reach epic proportions. It is a disease that is not limited to the United States, but is endemic to all developed nations and is especially prevalent in urban communities. The drastic rise in asthma and related pulmonary illnesses is surprising because benchmark studies have resulted in an as yet unknown understanding of the disease. All scientists agree, however, that this is a pathology whose etiology can be traced as an overt effect of a modern Western culture. The effects of asthma are wide reaching and can be studied from many viewpoints. From a societal perspective, sociologists and public health officials cringe when they read the statistics for asthma in children in a poor urban area of New York, versus the national average. The Mott Haven neighborhood of The Bronx, which has a median household income less than one-third of the U.S. median, has an asthma-related hospitalization rate eight times higher than the national average. From an environmental perspective, environmental scientists are discovering that vehicle exhaust can acerbate asthma's symptoms. In Mott Haven a local newspaper counted 550 passing trucks passing one street corner near a school in one hour. In Tehran, Iran, the worlds eighth largest city, levels of industrial pollutants from fossil fuel combustion have risen to four times higher than the standards adopted by the World Health Agency, in only ten years, and asthma related hospitalizations have also risen dramatica lly. From a cultural perspective the research is also frightening. Research from the Albert Einstein College of medicine indicates that asthma rates may be rising as a direct result of our western lifestyle. Findings show that the national rates of asthma hospitalizations may be increasing at a high rate because children are spending more time indoors than ever before, and are being exposed to dust-mites and allergens that are prevalent inside houses and apartments. That lack of physical conditioning along with a 1997 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine which found that 40% of asthmatic children are very allergic to cockroach feces is another clue why asthma incidents are so widespread in inner-cities. The only aspect of our environment, technology and society that seems to be unaffected by this disease and turns a blind-eye to asthma is our political leaders. Even though the Clinton administration has made asthma research funding a top priority, most scientists a gree that there should be more money ear-marked towards comprehensive long-term studies such as those that discovered the risk factors behind heart disease and lung-cancer. Our leaders and future leaders need to take heed, though. Between 1980 and 1994 the prevalence of asthma among U.S. children five to 14 has almost doubled. Even more frightening is that in the past twenty years, when medical technology has grown at an unprecedented rate, asthma deaths have more than tripled. Education-minded leaders need to be aware that asthma is now the most common chronic illness among children, and as of this year it has become the leading cause of school absences. Although the etiology of asthma is complex and poorly understood, the progression of symptoms is better understood. Bronchial asthma is an allergic reaction in the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs. An allergic reaction like the kind found in asthma occurs when the body's specialized germ fighters, white blood cells called lymphocytes, react over-aggressively to a harmless, or moderately harmless allergen-a foreign substance. Spasmogens, and vasoactive substances such as histamines, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are released locally causing an inflammation of the lung-tissue, which decreases the circumference of the bronchioles through spasmodic smooth muscle contraction, and also releases mucus, which can further restrict the passage of air. The mechanism of this response has been well understood for decades, and an albuterol inhaler and intravenous magnesium solutions can alleviate the symptoms. Although there is dissention in the ranks of researchers over what the primary causes of asthma actually are, most scientists agree that it is a pathology with many different aggravating factors. Research has suggested that asthma hospitalizations show a direct correlation, with high levels of industrial pollutants, and vehicle exhaust. A study conducted in Tehran, Iran, where there are no emissions standards, showed a

The historians perils Essay Example For Students

The historians perils Essay The objective of most higher-level education in general, and specifically of liberal education, is often misunderstood. The goal is not necessarily in direct preparation for a particular skill or for employment, but instead has a more indirect aim of instilling knowledge, frames of reference and the ability to think and express oneself. History is particularly rich in the opportunity it offers for learning how to think, owing in part to the challenges inherent in its subject matter and to the strong tradition among historians of cultivating the general powers of intellect. The techniques of historical study and thinking, exacting as they are, nonetheless have a high â€Å"carry-over† value for other subjects and activities. As such, one cannot help but appreciate the historian’s unique plight, and subsequently to see the value in his work as applied to all our lives, as human beings. To begin, we must understand and accept that â€Å"History is constructed reality† (Burnstyn, 19870), given the simple fact that neither the historian nor the scholar has direct, first-hand knowledge of the events he is studying. As such, he is compelled to refer to documents, statements, or other evidence that pre-dates him and that he assumes represents the past, giving him some insight as to what took place. The trouble is that no single artifact is entirely representative of a time or place. Rather, it is the result of, and is equally subject to, individual interpretations at one particular instance in time. The evidence then, cannot intrinsically or independently reflect any given event or its context. It requires the discerning, well-versed historian to give it â€Å"meaning† by attempting to deduce the circumstances under which the artifact came to be, and what the particular piece really does represent. In attempting to do this, the historian endeavors to reconstruct reality by factoring in various principles and other sources of information, res ulting in a cohesive sum wholly different from any of its parts. This reconstructive process is a perilous one, fraught with potential for misinterpretation and/or misuse of the facts. The ambiguity of the â€Å"facts† themselves are clearly problematic, but more so are the ways those facts are discovered and subsequently presented. How does a historian know when he has reached genuine testimony of an event that transpired before he himself had even existed? Pictures can lie, and printed matter can be partisan though commonly accepted as being true likenesses of their subjects, photographs and portraits (the former more so than the latter), are actually only indicative of what either the subject or the artist wanted others to see. Bearing this caveat in mind, pictures then become subject to the same scrutiny as any other piece of evidence, so much so that examining the angle, focus, location and pose of pictures becomes more revealing than perhaps the picture itself. Think a bout it: why was this subject or information deemed important enough to paint or take a picture of, and by whom? For what purpose and/or audience was it intended, and how if at all, did that intention differ from it’s actual use? What was going on around the subject that didn’t get captured in the picture? With any of these questions left unanswered, it becomes apparent that though a picture may well be worth a thousand words, they can still only tell half the story. We will write a custom essay on The historians perils specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Clearly then, the historian must approach his search for knowledge with a critical eye for potentially misleading information. However, in stripping away the layers of subjectivity that were superimposed on the â€Å"facts† by times, places and people before him, can he simultaneously assure that these layers are not replaced with his own assumptions and interpretations in the process? The very search for objective evidence, however noble in intent, necessarily involves some preconceived notions of where to look and what to look for. Subjectivity, a priori assumptions, and hindsight will undoubtedly direct the historian’s focus and research, as well as colour his interpretation of his findings. A very good example of this is the tendency for leaders of governments or movements to use history as propaganda. Much traditional teaching of history has been utilized for indoctrination, particularly for glorifying the national state and conditioning loyalty in children.

Discuss how Alfred Hitchcock creates horror and suspence in his film Psycho Essay Example

Discuss how Alfred Hitchcock creates horror and suspence in his film Psycho Essay Example Discuss how Alfred Hitchcock creates horror and suspence in his film Psycho Essay Discuss how Alfred Hitchcock creates horror and suspence in his film Psycho Essay and it gently glides upwards toward the ceiling. Then we see Norman emerge from the bedroom carrying Mother, who, seen from above, looks quite doll-like and helpless. At this point, we are fully aware that information is being withheld from us, and that Psycho will not be over until we have looked Mother fully in the face. Hitchcock spent a lot of time and money trying to conceal the fact that Mother and Norman are one and the same. For example, Perkins never did Mothers voice. Hitchcock used several voices, male and female, to try to prevent the audience from getting a fix on Mother. He also used several different people to play Mother. Margo Epper, a 24-year-old actress who had worked largely as a double in Hollywood, played Mother in the shower scene. The basement scene starts as Lila sneaks of to explore the house while Sam holds off Norman. We see the dreaded staircase for the fourth time. The camera follows Lila as she opens the door to Mothers bedroom. At last we are going to see everything. Hitchcock makes time stand still as Lila explores the suffocating Victorian furniture, the armoire with the carefully spaced dresses, the famous, horrible crossed hands on Mrs. Bates table, and the mattress indented with Mrs. Bates seated form. During this scene we get one of the best scares in Psycho, when Lila sees herself reflected in a mirror. Lila doesnt only investigate Mothers room. Going up another half-flight of stairs, she comes to Normans room. As we look at the worn toys, the filthy, unmade bed, we realize that we are inside Normans mind (this is a good example of mise en scene). Then Lila pulls a book from the bookcase and opens it. However, we arent allowed to see what it is. After inspecting both mother and Norman rooms, Lila descends the stairs only to see Norman coming up the path. She cleverly hides beneath the cellar stairs as Norman ascends, but then, to the horror of the audience, decides to inspect the cellar rather than escape, this creates unbelievable tension as we know that mother has been hidden down there. One thing we dont know however is that the biggest surprise of the entire film is coming up. Lila enters the cluttered basement, and switches on the light. We then see Mothers figure sitting in the chair besides the window. Lila calls out mothers name 3 times before reaching out for the chair and spinning it around, this is the first part of the big surprise, the chair swivels around and for the first time in the film we are confronted, face to face with the stuffed remains of Mother. Lila screams and turns around to see Norman (fully dressed up as mother charging insanely through the door, knife in hand, he is ready to attack Lila. He staggers froward, ready to strike, but at the last minute Sam lunges through the door and restrains Norman. After Norman is subdued, we get the official wrap-up from Dr. Richmond. When the doctor is finished, a police officer enters, carrying a blanket for Norman, who is suffering from a slight chill. we then get our final glimpse of Norman, staring helplessly, while Mother gives us her side of the story through the voiceover. She finishes by saying that shes just going to sit here like the harmless old lady she is see, Im not even going to swat that fly. Suddenly, the focus returns to Normans eyes. He looks right at us and grins menacingly. The film has unmasked Norman, and to drive the point home, Hitchcock superimposes Mothers deaths head grin over Normans own. For the purpose of creating horror and suspense Psycho is perfect. The film uses a mix of techniques to create horror and suspense, ranging from the use of music, camera angles to brilliant editing and direction, added to all of this is a very good story line that sucks the viewer in and keeps him at the edge of his seat.

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Internship report - Essay Example During this meeting, the member organizations assess the general thrust of their actions, set the priorities and decide of their joint strategy for the coming 3 years, notably by electing the International Board. The International Board is comprised of 22 elected members (a president, treasurer, 15 vice-presidents, and 5 secretaries general) representing all regions of the world. This International Board defines specific strategies to implement the thematic and regional priorities adopted by the Congress. It also meets 3 times a year to discuss the FIDH's political and strategic orientation and to approve the budget. The Executive Board is composed of the President, the Treasurer and 5 secretaries General. It is responsible for the management of the FIDH on a daily basis and convenes once a month to take decision on current concerns and request submitted by member organizations. The International Secretariat, based in Paris, employs 30 permanent staff members who carry out various du ties including working at the headquarters, acting as a permanent delegation before IGOs (intergovernmental organizations) and working in regional offices. It implements decisions taken by the International and Executive boards in conjunction with the member organizations. ... The International Secretariat, Observatory and Specialist Desks. The International Secretariat is divided into regions (Africa Desk, Americas Desk, Asia Desk, Eastern Europe & Central Asia Desk, North Africa & Middle East desk) and is responsible for setting priorities. Since 2009, the FIDH singled out certain areas of prime concern, for which it has determined action priorities. These include: protection for human rights defenders, accountability, respect for human rights in the context of globalization, defense of human rights, and respect for human rights in the context of counter-terrorism. The thematic division of the International Secretariat reflects the following action priorities: Globalization & Human Rights Desk, Women's & Migrants Rights Desk, International Justice Desk, Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defender (hereinafter "The Observatory"). The Observatory (a joint program with the World Organization Against Torture) seeks the implementation of the UN De claration on Human Rights Defenders and campaigns for the adoption of new mechanisms aimed at reinforcing their protection and security. It also provides emergency protection to human rights defenders on the ground under the form of material assistance, trial observation missions, media coverage, and urgent intervention. The International Justice Desk's mandate is to tackle the issue of impunity for those who carry out human rights abuses, and to make such individuals and groups accountable for their crimes against humanity. It does so by providing legal and judicial support to victims of international crimes by initiating or participating in litigation before national, regional and international courts. The fight against impunity is one of the raisons d’etre